Gianotti-Crosti syndrome: a challenging exanthema.

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (GCS) is a self-limited condition, mainly affecting children younger than 6 years, less common in adolescents and adults. It consists of a viral exanthema with papular lesions with a flat top and symmetrical distribution, affecting predominantly extremities, gluteal region and extensor surfaces. It is often associated with viral infections but can also be related to bacterial infections, vaccination or be idiopathic. In this report, we present a case of GCS in a 13-year-old healthy female adolescent who presented with fever, odynophagia, prostration and diffuse maculopapular rash. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis due to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus was established. On the second week of the disease, a clinical recrudescence occurred, with worsening of the fever and modification of the exanthema characteristics. GCS is often an underdiagnosed entity. The differential diagnosis of viral exanthema can prove to be challenging and clinical suspicion is essential to achieve the diagnosis.

Characterization of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Brazil, 2014. / Caracterização da tuberculose drogarresistente no Brasil, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: to describe drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) notifications in Brazil. METHODS: this is a descriptive study of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of DR-TB notifications in 2014 on SITETB and TBWeb, these being information systems on which cases involving special treatment regimens are registered. RESULTS: there were 1,574 cases, 94.8% of which had the pulmonary form, 27.6% involved primary resistance, and 50.9% were multidrug-resistant; 70.6% of cases were male, 87.0% were between 20 and 59 years old, 60.9% were of Afro-Brazilian, and 68.0% had less than 8 years of schooling; as for comorbidities, 13.1% of patients had AIDS, 11.3% had diabetes, 25.8% made harmful use of alcohol, 21.0% were illegal drugs users, and 22.2% were tobacco users. CONCLUSION: the majority of DR-TB notifications were related to men, young people, Afro-Brazilian and people with low levels of education; there was a high percentage of primary resistance, as well as multidrug-resistance and comorbidities, with emphasis on substance use.

Community-acquired Escherichia coli meningitis and spondylodiscitis in an adult patient with discoid lupus erythematosus.

Acute bacterial meningitis has a high impact on adult mortality worldwide. Community-acquired Escherichia coli meningitis (CA-ECM) is a rare and poorly described condition and the available knowledge is based on low evidence research, mainly from case reports. We describe a case of CA-ECM in Portugal in an adult patient with discoid lupus erythematosus under immunomodulatory therapy. A 73-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with fever and altered mental status over 48 h. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed 185 leukocytes/µL, including 85% neutrophils, hypoglycorrhachia (less than 5 mg/dL) and elevated protein of 423 mg/dL with positive culture for Escherichia coli. She was treated with ceftriaxone. Imaging studies also demonstrated spondylodiscitis and arthritis. She responded well to antimicrobial therapy and completed the treatment as an outpatient.

Brazilian cities profile, the occurence of tuberculosis an its drug-resistant form. / Perfil dos municípios brasileiros, a presença de tuberculose e sua forma drogarresistente.

Tuberculosis is closely related to living conditions. This study classifies Brazilian municipalities according to the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) cases and describes them with regard to the population's health conditions, tuberculosis control indicators, demographic and socioeconomic profile. In 2014, 327 municipalities reported DR-TB cases. Integrated regions of development or metropolitan regions accounted for 80.1% of national DR-TB cases. Municipalities with DR-TB cases had worse TB outcome indicators, but higher culture test percentages, and more inhabitants and better socioeconomic indicators. The 3,644 municipalities with TB cases, but without DR-TB cases, had the worst socioeconomic indicators among the three groups. The 1,594 municipalities without TB cases had the lowest rates of unemployment and AIDS detection and greater coverage of primary healthcare. The different profiles found in the study can sustain improved national interventions for TB and drug-resistant TB control in Brazil.

A tuberculose tem estreita relação com as condições de vida das pessoas. O presente estudo classifica os municípios brasileiros de acordo com a presença ou ausência de casos de tuberculose (TB) e sua forma drogarresistente (TB-DR), e os descreve quanto às condições de saúde da população, os indicadores de controle da tuberculose, perfil demográfico e socioeconômico. Em 2014, 327 municípios registraram casos de TB-DR. Regiões integradas de desenvolvimento ou regiões metropolitanas concentraram 80,1% dos casos de TB-DR do País. Os municípios com casos de TB-DR tiveram piores indicadores de desfecho da TB, mas maiores percentuais de realização de exame de cultura, além de mais habitantes e melhores indicadores socioeconômicos. Os 3.644 municípios com casos de TB, mas sem casos de TB-DR, tiveram os piores indicadores socioeconômicos entre os três grupos. Os 1.594 municípios sem casos de TB tiveram as menores taxas de desemprego e de detecção de AIDS, e maior cobertura de atenção básica. Os diferentes perfis encontrados no estudo podem dar suporte à lapidação de estratégias nacionais de controle da doença e sua forma drogarresistente no País.

Anti-vacinação, um movimento com várias faces e consequências / Anti-vaccination, a movement with multiple faces and its consequences

The anti-vaccination movement has gained worldwide strength despite the undeniable advances in vaccines in drastically reducing the incidence of contagious diseases. The causes for this breakthrough are still issues of discussion and research, but ignorance, ease of dissemination of false information, and the rise of populist policies have been implicated. The major challenge for the future will be the dichotomy between the interest of public health and individual freedoms. (AU).

El movimiento contra la vacunación ha ganado fuerza en todo el mundo a pesar de los innegables avances en las vacunas para reducir drásticamente la incidencia de enfermedades contagiosas. Las causas de este avance aún son temas de discusión e investigación, pero la ignorancia, la facilidad de difusión de información falsa y el auge de las políticas populistas han sido implicados. El principal desafío para el futuro será la dicotomía entre el interés de la salud pública y las libertades individuales. (AU).

O movimento anti-vacinação tem ganhado força no mundo inteiro, apesar dos inquestionáveis avanços obtidos com as vacinas na redução drástica da incidência das doenças contagiosas. As causas para este avanço ainda são temas de discussão e pesquisa, mas a ignorância, a facilidade da disseminação de informações falsas e a ascensão de políticas populistas têm sido implicadas. O grande desafio para o futuro será a dicotomia entre o interesse da saúde pública e as liberdades individuais. (AU).

Perfil dos municípios brasileiros, a presença de tuberculose e sua forma drogarresistente / Brazilian cities profile, the occurence of tuberculosis an its drug-resistant form

Resumo A tuberculose tem estreita relação com as condições de vida das pessoas. O presente estudo classifica os municípios brasileiros de acordo com a presença ou ausência de casos de tuberculose (TB) e sua forma drogarresistente (TB-DR), e os descreve quanto às condições de saúde da população, os indicadores de controle da tuberculose, perfil demográfico e socioeconômico. Em 2014, 327 municípios registraram casos de TB-DR. Regiões integradas de desenvolvimento ou regiões metropolitanas concentraram 80,1% dos casos de TB-DR do País. Os municípios com casos de TB-DR tiveram piores indicadores de desfecho da TB, mas maiores percentuais de realização de exame de cultura, além de mais habitantes e melhores indicadores socioeconômicos. Os 3.644 municípios com casos de TB, mas sem casos de TB-DR, tiveram os piores indicadores socioeconômicos entre os três grupos. Os 1.594 municípios sem casos de TB tiveram as menores taxas de desemprego e de detecção de AIDS, e maior cobertura de atenção básica. Os diferentes perfis encontrados no estudo podem dar suporte à lapidação de estratégias nacionais de controle da doença e sua forma drogarresistente no País.

Abstract Tuberculosis is closely related to living conditions. This study classifies Brazilian municipalities according to the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) cases and describes them with regard to the population's health conditions, tuberculosis control indicators, demographic and socioeconomic profile. In 2014, 327 municipalities reported DR-TB cases. Integrated regions of development or metropolitan regions accounted for 80.1% of national DR-TB cases. Municipalities with DR-TB cases had worse TB outcome indicators, but higher culture test percentages, and more inhabitants and better socioeconomic indicators. The 3,644 municipalities with TB cases, but without DR-TB cases, had the worst socioeconomic indicators among the three groups. The 1,594 municipalities without TB cases had the lowest rates of unemployment and AIDS detection and greater coverage of primary healthcare. The different profiles found in the study can sustain improved national interventions for TB and drug-resistant TB control in Brazil.

Caracterização da tuberculose drogarresistente no Brasil, 2014 / Caracterización de la tuberculosis drogorresistente en Brasil, 2014 / Characterization of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Brazil, 2014

Objetivo: descrever as notificações de tuberculose drogarresistente (TB-DR) no Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo de características clínicas e epidemiológicas das notificações de casos de TB-DR em 2014 no SITETB e no TBWeb, sistemas de informações em que são registrados os casos sob esquemas especiais de tratamento. Resultados: foram 1.574 casos, dos quais 94,8% eram pulmonares, 27,6% tinham resistência primária e 50,9% eram multidrogarresistentes; 70,6% eram do sexo masculino, 87,0% tinham entre 20 e 59 anos de idade, 60,9% eram de raça/cor da pele negra e 68,0% contavam com menos de 8 anos de escolaridade; como comorbidades, 13,1% dos pacientes tinham aids, 11,3% diabetes, 25,8% faziam uso prejudicial de álcool, 21,0% usavam drogas ilícitas e 22,2% usavam tabaco. Conclusão: a maioria das notificações de TB-DR era de homens, jovens, negros e com baixa escolaridade; observou-se elevado percentual de resistência primária, assim como de multidrogarresistência e de comorbidades, com ênfase no uso de substâncias.

Objetivo: describir las notificaciones de tuberculosis drogorresistente (TB-DR) en Brasil. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las notificaciones de casos de TB-DR en 2014 en SITETB y TBWeb, sistemas de informaciones donde se registran los casos bajo esquemas especiales de tratamiento. Resultados: fueron 1.574 casos, de los cuales el 94,8% eran pulmonares, 27,6% tenían resistencia primaria y 50,9% eran multidrogorresistentes; el 70,6% era del sexo masculino, 87% tenía entre 20 y 59 años de edad, 60,9% era de raza/color de la piel negra y 68,0% tenía menos de 8 años de escolaridad; como comorbilidad, el 13,1% de los pacientes tenía sida, 11,3% diabetes, 25,8% hacía uso de consumo perjudicial de alcohol, 21,0% utilizaba drogas ilícitas y 22,2% utilizaba tabaco. Conclusion: la mayoría de los casos era de hombres, jóvenes, negros y con baja escolaridad; se observó un alto porcentaje de resistencia primaria, así como de multidrogorresistencia y de comorbilidades, con énfasis en el uso de substancias.

Objective: to describe drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) notifications in Brazil. Methods: this is a descriptive study of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of DR-TB notifications in 2014 on SITETB and TBWeb, these being information systems on which cases involving special treatment regimens are registered. Results: there were 1,574 cases, 94.8% of which had the pulmonary form, 27.6% involved primary resistance, and 50.9% were multidrug-resistant; 70.6% of cases were male, 87.0% were between 20 and 59 years old, 60.9% were of Afro-Brazilian, and 68.0% had less than 8 years of schooling; as for comorbidities, 13.1% of patients had AIDS, 11.3% had diabetes, 25.8% made harmful use of alcohol, 21.0% were illegal drugs users, and 22.2% were tobacco users. Conclusion: the majority of DR-TB notifications were related to men, young people, Afro-Brazilian and people with low levels of education; there was a high percentage of primary resistance, as well as multidrug-resistance and comorbidities, with emphasis on substance use.

Carga viral comunitária do HIV no Brasil, 2007 - 2011: potencial impacto da terapia antirretroviral (HAART) na redução de novas infecções / Community viral load of HIV in Brazil, 2007 - 2011: potential impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in reducing new infections

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar o volume de vírus circulante de HIV na população brasileira e avaliar o potencial impacto da terapia antirretroviral (HAART) na redução de novas infecções, com o propósito de construir evidências e informações para subsidiar a implementação de políticas de saúde. Métodos : Ferramentas de análise espacial foram utilizadas para descrever os padrões existentes na densidade da carga viral utilizando o método Kernel quártico. As informações da carga viral e tratamento são oriundas da base conjunta do Sistema de Controle de Exames Laboratoriais (Siscel), com informações do histórico da carga viral do indivíduo e do Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos (Siclom), que controla a dispensa dos medicamentos para a terapia antirretroviral. Resultados: Observou-se que a carga viral comunitária (CVC) apresentou redução progressiva no período de 2007 a 2011, acompanhada de uma redução da carga viral média (CVCM) superior a 32% (22.900 cópias/mL em 2007 versus 15.418 cópias/mL em 2011). Nesse período, houve redução da CVCM em todas as grandes regiões do Brasil, embora o Norte e Nordeste tenham apresentado, respectivamente, CVCM 1,7 e 1,5 vezes a registrada no Sudeste. Em uma comparação entre os indivíduos que faziam ou não uso da HAART, observou-se aumento persistente da carga viral naqueles que não faziam uso da terapia de até 3,9 vezes em 2011. Conclusão: A abordagem apresentada neste estudo aponta a existência de aglomerados no espaço com altas concentrações. O uso do Kernel na identificação de aglomerados no espaço mostrou-se um bom instrumento para análise exploratória, possibilitando a visualização do risco em determinadas áreas geográficas sem as usuais divisões político-administrativas.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To estimate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load in the Brazilian population and to assess the potential impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in reducing new infections to build evidences and to gather information to support health policies. Methods: Spatial analysis and modeling tools were used to describe the existing patterns of the viral load density, using the Kernel method. Data on viral load and treatment were retrieved from the databases Laboratory Tests Control System (SISCEL), which contains information on the individual's history of viral load, and Medication Logistics Control System (SICLOM), which controls the dispensing of drugs used for antiretroviral therapy. Results: It was observed that the community viral load (CVL) decreased progressively from 2007 to 2011, accompanied by a decrease of more than 32% in the mean CVL (CVLM) - 22,900 copies/mL in 2007 versus 15,418 copies/mL in 2011. During this period, there was a reduction of CVLM in all regions of Brazil, although North and Northeast showed, respectively, CVLM 1.7 and 1.5 times higher than that in the Southeast region. A comparison between the individuals who underwent and who did not undergo HAART showed an increase of up to 3.9 times in 2011 in the viral load among those who did not undergo the therapy. Conclusion: The approach presented in this study indicates the existence of clusters with high concentrations. The use of Kernel in the identification of clusters proved to be a good tool for exploratory analysis, enabling the risk identification in certain geographic areas without the usual political and administrative divisions.

Análise espacial e temporal dos casos de aids no Brasil em 1996-2011: áreas de risco aumentado ao longo do tempo / Análisis espacial y temporal de los casos de SIDA en Brasil, 1996-2011: aumento de las áreas de riesgo con el tiempo / Spatial and temporal analysis of Aids cases in Brazil, 1996-2011: increased risk areas over time

OBJETIVO: identificar áreas com maior risco de transmissão de aids no Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo ecológico, com georreferenciamento das taxas de incidência e coeficientes de prevalência e da densidade de casos nos municípios pelo método Kernel, nos períodos de 1996-1999, 2000-2003, 2004-2007 e 2008-2011. RESULTADOS: no período de 1996-2011, foram registrados 633.512 casos de aids; no período de 2008-2011, observou-se aumento do risco de transmissão de aids no eixo Recife-João Pessoa, surgimento de áreas com densidade média nas regiões de Belém, São Luís, Maceió, Aracaju e Salvador, e um declínio da intensidade desse risco em São Paulo, Campinas e Ribeirão Preto; o coeficiente de prevalência apresentou maior concentração nas macrorregiões Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste. CONCLUSÃO: em geral, a incidência de aids no Brasil apresentou sucessivos aumentos nos períodos analisados; a prevalência de casos aponta conglomerados no espaço, com altas concentrações nas regiões Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste.

OBJETIVO: identificar las áreas con mayor riesgo de transmisión de SIDA en Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio ecológico, con georeferenciamento de las tasas de incidencia, prevalencia y densidad de casos usando el método de Kernel, en los periodos de 1996-1999, 2000-2003 2004-2007 y 2008-2011. RESULTADOS: en el periodo de 1996-2011, fueron registrados 633.512 casos de SIDA, entre 2008-2011, hubo un aumento del riesgo de transmisión de SIDA en el eje Recife-João Pessoa, surgieron áreas con densidad media en las regiones de Belém, São Luís, Maceió, Aracaju y Salvador, y hubo una disminución del riesgo en São Paulo, Campinas y Ribeirão Preto; la tasa de prevalencia mostró una rápida propagación y concentración de los casos en las regiones Sudeste, Sur y Centro-Oeste. CONCLUSIÓN: en general, la incidencia de SIDA en Brasil presenta incrementos sucesivos en los períodos analizados; la prevalencia de casos apunta conglomerados en el espacio con altas concentraciones en las regiones Sudeste, Sur y Centro-Oeste.

OBJECTIVE: to identify areas with greater risk of AIDS transmission in Brazil. METHODS: this is an ecological study involving georeference of AIDS cases incidence, prevalence and density in Brazilian municipalities using the Kernel method for the periods 1996-1999, 2000-2003, 2004-2007 and 2008-2011. RESULTS: 633,512 AIDS cases were reported between 1996-2011; between 2008-2011, there was increased risk of AIDS transmission in Recife-João Pessoa region, the emergence of areas with average density in the regions of Belém, São Luís, Maceió, Aracaju and Salvador, and a decline in the intensity of risk in São Paulo, Campinas and Ribeirão Preto; prevalence rates were most concentrated in the Southeast, South and Midwest regions of the country. CONCLUSION: overall, AIDS incidence in Brazil showed successive increases in the periods analyzed; case prevalence indicates spatial clusters, with high concentrations in the Southeast, South and Midwest regions.

Visceral leishmaniasis epidemiologic evolution in timeframes, based on demographic changes and scientific achievements in Brazil.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease of chronic evolution which could be uniformly fatal, if left untreated. Human VL was first described in the Americas in 1913 and in 1936 in Brazil. The number of VL cases in Brazil is increasing steadily in the last three decades. Medical literature highlights this change in the disease epidemiology as a recent urbanization phenomenon, with most of the cases occurring in large cities since 1981, different to that observed previously, like a typical rural endemic. The aim of this study was to create a narrative review of the evolution of VL epidemiology since its first description in Brazil. To describe the process of urbanization of VL, timeframes were created historically consistent with the scientific and public health knowledge obtained about the VL and the demographics changes in Brazil, especially considering the extensive migratory movements in the country due to political or economic events. The first phase of VL was the decades of 30-50 when industrialization triggered internal migration process from countryside to the cities; during this period VL was studied for the first time and described as a rural endemic disease with no relevance to public health. Until the second phase, between the 50s and 80s of the 20th century, demography was characterized by expansion of immigration to the large cities and increase in population density in the suburbs with poor living standards. In this period, there was an advancement in the knowledge of the transmission of the disease being described as the first case acquired in the urban environment. The third phase was characterized by the explosion of cases in Brazilian cities and consolidation of urban endemic transmission. The possibility of urban transmission has been known since the 50s; however, the current phenomenon was due to the creation of ideal conditions for the establishment of transmission cycle in Brazilian cities.

Distribuição de tipos moleculares de Cryptococcus gattii no Brasil: uma revisão bibliográfica / Distribution of Cryptococcus gattii molecular types in Brazil: a bibliographic review

Objetivo: descrever a distribuição molecular do Cryptococcus gattii no Brasil por meio de revisão de estudos publicados até 2016. Fonte de dados: Revisão bibliográfica de estudos publicados até 2016 no sítio DeCS BVS com os descritores nos idiomas português, Inglês e espanhol. O critério de inclusão foi: abordar resultados de caracterização molecular de C. gattii no Brasil. Critérios de exclusão: artigos sem texto completo e artigos sem informações moleculares de C. gattii. Síntese de dados: Inclui se dez publicações entre 2008 e 2016 que contêm informações sobre a caracterização molecular de C. gattii de isolados encontrados nas quatro regiões do Brasil. Conclusões: C. gattii é endêmico nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, mas pode ser encontrado em fontes primárias nas demais regiões. O tipo molecular mais predominante foi o VGII, responsável por cerca de 80% dos casos. VGII apresentou uma alta variabilidade genética. O VGII encontrado na região Nordeste é diferente do encontrado na região Norte.

Objective: describe the distribution of Cryptococcus gattii molecular types in Brazil by reviewing studies published until 2016. Source of data: Review of studies published until 2016 in the DeCS BVS site in Portuguese, English or Spanish. The inclusion criterion was description of molecular typing of C. gattii isolates obtained in Brazil. Manuscripts without full text and without molecular information on C. gattii were excluded. Synthesis of the collected data: We have included ten publications ranging from 2008 to 2016 containing information about the molecular characterization of C. gattii isolates from the four geographic regions of Brazil. Conclusions: C. gattii is endemic in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, but can also be found in the other regions. The predominant molecular type was VGII, accounting for about 80% of the cases. VGII has very high genetic variability. VGII isolates from the Northeast region are distinct from those found in the North.

O desafio da gestão de equipamentos médico-hospitalares no Sistema Único de Saúde / The challenge of managing medical equipment in the Unified Health System

O estudo analisou as políticas de gestão de equipamentos médico-hospitalares adotadas pelo Ministério da Saúde para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Realizou-se uma análise documental das publicações do Ministério da Saúde e uma análise de dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde, no período de 2005 a 2013. O País instituiu uma Política de Gestão de Tecnologias em Saúde e uma área para a gestão dos equipamentos da Hemorrede. A oferta de equipamentos na rede privada é superior à pública, reforçando a necessidade da gestão e monitoramento de tecnologias para garantir o acesso aos usuários da rede pública e diminuir a dependência do Sistema Único de Saúde.

The study analyzed the medical equipment management policies adopted by the Ministry of Health for the Unified Health System. We conducted a document analysis of the publications of the Ministry of Health and a data analysis of the National Registry of Health Facilities, in period from 2005 to 2013. The country established a Technology Management Policy on Health and an area for the management of Hemorrede equipment. The supply of equipment to the private network is superior to the public one, highlighting the need for management and monitoring technologies to ensure access to users in the public area and reduce the dependence of the Unified Health System.

Congenital and maternal syphilis in the capital of Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: ​This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of congenital and maternal syphilis in the Brazilian Federal District in 2010. ​ METHODS: ​A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on the basis of the cases recorded in the System of Notifiable Disease Information. RESULTS: ​The study population comprised 133 cases of congenital syphilis; of these, 116 (52.6%) mothers received prenatal care, and 70 (60.4%) were diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy. Only 1 mother was adequately treated, and 100 (75.2%) of the pregnant women's partners did not undergo treatment for syphilis. ​ CONCLUSIONS: Although mothers attended prenatal care, not all were diagnosed during pregnancy or received adequate treatment for syphilis, as their partners did not undergo treatment for syphilis.

[Zika Virus: A Review to Clinicians]. / Vírus Zika: Revisão para Clínicos.

Zika virus is a flavivirus related to Dengue virus, yellow fever virus and West Nile virus. It is considered an emerging arbovirus transmitted by mosquitos of the genus Aedes. Its first description took place in 1947 in the Zika Forest in Uganda, isolated on Rhesus monkey used as bait to study the yellow fever virus. Sporadic cases have been detected in African countries and at the end of the 70's in Indonesia. In 2007, epidemics were described in Micronesia and other islands in the Pacific Ocean and more recently in Brazil. Clinical picture is characterized as a 'dengue-like' syndrome, with abrupt onset of fever and an early onset evanescent rash, often pruritic. Occasionally the disease has been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Nevertheless, until now deaths and complications caused by the disease were not reported. The diagnosis can be performed by PCR or by IgG and IgM antibodies detection. The rapid spread of the virus and its epidemic potential are especially problematic in countries where there are the circulation of other arboviruses which imposes difficulties in the differential diagnosis and healthcare burden. Control measures are the same recommended for dengue and chikungunya which are based in health education and vector control.

O vírus Zika é um flavivírus filogeneticamente relacionado com o vírus dengue, vírus da febre-amarela e vírus do Nilo Ocidental. É considerado uma arbovirose emergente transmitida por mosquitos do género Aedes. A sua descoberta deu-se em 1947 na floresta Zika no Uganda, isolado em macaco Rhesus que servia de isco para estudo do vírus da febre-amarela. Foram detetados casos isolados em países de África e no final da década de 70 na Indonésia. A partir 2007 foram descritas epidemias na Micronésia e outras ilhas do Oceano Pacífico e, mais recentemente, no Brasil. Carateriza-se clinicamente como uma síndrome febril aguda 'tipo-dengue' com aparecimento precoce de exantema evanescente muitas vezes pruriginoso; ocasionalmente a doença tem sido associada à síndrome de Guillain-Barré. No entanto, até ao momento não foram relatadas mortes pela doença e suas complicações. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado por meio de técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase ou por pesquisa de anticorpos IgG e IgM. A rápida disseminação do vírus e seu potencial epidémico são preocupantes especialmente em territórios com circulação de outras arboviroses pela dificuldadeno diagnóstico diferencial e na sobrecarga dos serviços de saúde. As medidas de controlo são as mesmas recomendadas para a dengue e chikungunya, baseadas em educação em saúde e controlo do vetor.

The evolution of the federal funding policies for the public health surveillance component of Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS) / Evolução da Política Federal de Financiamento do Componente de Vigilância em Saúde no Brasil após a criação Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)

Health surveillance (HS) is one of the key components of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). This article describes recent changes in health surveillance funding models and the role these changes have had in the reorganization and decentralization of health actions. Federal law no. 8.080 of 1990 defined health surveillance as a fundamental pillar of the SUS, and an exclusive fund with equitable distribution criteria was created in the Basic Operational Norm of 1996 to pay for health surveillance actions. This step facilitated the decentralization of health care at the municipal level, giving local authorities autonomy to plan and provide services. The Health Pact of 2006 and its regulation under federal decree No. 3252 in 2009 bolstered the processes of decentralization, regionalization and integration of health care. Further changes in the basic concepts of health surveillance around the world and in the funding policies negotiated by different spheres of government in Brazil have been catalysts for the process of HS institutionalization in recent years.

A Vigilância em Saúde (VS) é um dos componentes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Este artigo tem o objetivo de descrever as mudanças recentes no financiamento da VS e o seu papel na organização e descentralização das ações de saúde. A Lei 8080/1990 estabeleceu a VS como eixo estruturante do SUS e a criação de um teto financeiro exclusivo para as ações de VS na Norma Operacional Básica do SUS 1/96, composto por critérios equitativos, o que facilitou a descentralização das ações para a esfera municipal, permitindo ao gestor o planejamento e a continuidade das ações. O Pacto pela saúde, em 2006, e a sua regulamentação pela Portaria GM nº 3252/2009 aprofundou a descentralização, a territorialização e a integralidade da atenção. As mudanças de conceituação da VS e a política de financiamento pactuada pelas esferas de governo foram catalisadoras para o processo de institucionalização da Vigilância em Saúde (VS) nos últimos anos no Brasil.

Cuidados em doenças infecciosas e parasitárias: endêmicas, emergentes e re-emergentes

Este módulo é dividido em nove lições e aborda epidemiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamento, medidas de controle e vigilância epidemiológica das seguintes doenças: Influenza, Febre Amarela, Leishmaniose, Malária, Doença de Chagas, Parasitoses, Esquistossomose, Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis e Hantavirose.

Twenty years of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Brazil: a review of epidemiological and clinical aspects.

Hantavirus infection is transmitted to humans by wild rodents and the most common clinical form in Brazil is the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). The first serological evidence of the disease was identified in 1990, in Recife, Pernambuco State, and later in 1993 in Juquitiba, State of São Paulo. Since then there has been a progressive increase in case notification in all regions of the country. The clinical aspects of the disease in Brazil are characterized by a prodromal phase, with nonspecific signs and symptoms of an acute febrile illness. After about three days, respiratory distress develops, accompanied by dry cough that turns progressively productive, evolving to dyspnea and respiratory failure with cardiogenic shock. Although the majority of patients receive hospital care in intensive care therapy units, case-fatality rate in Brazil ranges from 33% to 100% depending on the region. Besides it has to be added the problem of differential diagnosis with other prevalent diseases in the country, like dengue and leptospirosis. Questions about the impact of uncontrolled urbanization and other environmental changes caused by human action have been raised. Due to increasing incidence and high case-fatality, there is an urge to respond to such questions to recommend preventative measures. This article aims to review the main acquisitions in clinical and epidemiological knowledge about HPS in Brazil in the last twenty years.

IL-6 and IL-8 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with aseptic meningitis and bacterial meningitis: their potential role as a marker for differential diagnosis.

Cytokines are molecules that act as mediators of immune response; cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) IL-6 is found in all meningeal inflammatory diseases, but IL-8 is associated with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM). A case control study was done to ascertain the discriminatory power of these cytokines in differentiating ABM from aseptic meningitis (AM); IL-6 and IL-8 CSF concentrations were tested through ELISA in samples collected from patients who underwent investigation for meningitis. Sixty patients, 18 with AM, nine with bacteriologic confirmed ABM and 33 controls, assisted in 2005 (MA and controls) and 2007 (ABM) were included. Differently from controls, IL-6 concentrations were increased both in MA and ABM patients (p < 0.05). CSF IL-8 levels were higher in ABM than in AM and controls (p < 0.05). Discriminatory power in ABM as assessed by the area under receiver operator (ROC) curve was 0.951 for IL-8, using a cut-off of 1.685 ng/dL (100% of sensitivity and 94% of specificity). The CSF concentration of both IL-6 and IL-8 are increased in the presence of meningeal inflammation, IL-8 could be an important tool to differentiate ABM from AM.

IL-6 and IL-8 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with aseptic meningitis and bacterial meningitis: their potential role as a marker for differential diagnosis

Cytokines are molecules that act as mediators of immune response; cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) IL-6 is found in all meningeal inflammatory diseases, but IL-8 is associated with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM). A case control study was done to ascertain the discriminatory power of these cytokines in differentiating ABM from aseptic meningitis (AM); IL-6 and IL-8 CSF concentrations were tested through ELISA in samples collected from patients who underwent investigation for meningitis. Sixty patients, 18 with AM, nine with bacteriologic confirmed ABM and 33 controls, assisted in 2005 (MA and controls) and 2007 (ABM) were included. Differently from controls, IL-6 concentrations were increased both in MA and ABM patients (p < 0.05). CSF IL-8 levels were higher in ABM than in AM and controls (p < 0.05). Discriminatory power in ABM as assessed by the area under receiver operator (ROC) curve was 0.951 for IL-8, using a cut-off of 1.685 ng/dL (100 percent of sensitivity and 94 percent of specificity). The CSF concentration of both IL-6 and IL-8 are increased in the presence of meningeal inflammation, IL-8 could be an important tool to differentiate ABM from AM.